Normal fault displacement dislocating a Roman aqueduct of Ephesos,western Turkey     

Cees W. Passchier  Gilbert Wiplinger  Talip Güngör  Paul Kessener  Gül Sürmelihindi 《地学学报》2013,25(4):292-297

A 38‐km‐long ancient aqueduct channel that served Roman Ephesos, Turkey was dislocated vertically over 3 m by a single seismic event on a normal fault. A new channel was constructed downstream from the fault in Roman times, next to and partly on top of the original channel. Archaeological investigations and study of carbonate deposits suggest a causative seismic event in the second half of the second century CE, probably in 178 CE, after the original channel had functioned for <35 years. The ?çme Tepe fault was identified as responsible for the displacement and may still constitute a seismic and tsunami hazard for the Turkish west coast, specifically for the city of Ku?adas?. Ancient aqueducts, of which more than 1400 are presently known, are a promising and almost untapped archive for archaeoseismic studies, especially in the Mediterranean area.  相似文献   

Micromorphology of some North Sea till samples,a pilot study     

Jaap J. M. Der Van Meer  Cees Laban 《第四纪科学杂志》1990,5(2):95-101

In a pilot study three samples of diamictons from boreholes in the Dutch sector of the North Sea have been thin sectioned. In the thin sections the granulometry, structure and plasmic fabric of the diamictons have been studied. On the basis of this study two of the samples have been interpreted as flow tills, while one sample has been interpreted as a basal (lodgement) till.  相似文献   

The generation of ductile and brittle shear bands in a low-angle mylonite zone     

Cees W Passchier 《Journal of Structural Geology》1984,6(3):273-281

In the Saint-Barthélemy Massif, French Pyrenees, a ductile thrust zone developed in gneisses during retrogression from lower amphibolite facies conditions to the upper greenschist facies. The last major structures formed in the zone are isolated shear bands, divided into three types.Anastomosing, inhomogenous ultramylonitic shear bands (Type I) are subparallel to the mylonitic foliation in the gneiss (S_g). Most of these bands developed by ductile deformation processes only.Planar, homogeneous ultramylonite bands (Type II) are usually oblique to S_g. They generated as pseudotachylyte bands by brittle fracturing and underwent strong subsequent ductile deformation.Type III shear bands are planar and oblique to S_g. They consist of pseudotachylyte, weakly affected by ductile deformation.Type I, II and III bands seem to represent progressively younger structures on a local scale, linked to falling P-T conditions. The systematic variation in orientation of the different shear bands with respect to S_g is interpreted as being due to a different response of brittle and ductile structures to the orientation of the kinematic frame and the rock anisotropy.  相似文献   

Co-seismic landslide inventory and susceptibility mapping in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake disaster area, China   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  

LI Wei-le  HUANG Run-qiu  TANG Chuan  XU Qiang  Cees van WESTEN 《山地科学学报》2013,10(3):339-354

The Ms 8.0 May 12,2008 Wenchuan earthquake triggered tens of thousands of landslides.The widespread landslides have caused serious casualties and property losses,and posed a great threat to post-earthquake reconstruction.A spatial database,inventoried 43,842 landslides with a total area of 632 km 2,was developed by interpretation of multi-resolution remote sensing images.The landslides can be classified into three categories:swallow,disrupted slides and falls;deep-seated slides and falls,and rock avalanches.The correlation between landslides distribution and the influencing parameters including distance from co-seismic fault,lithology,slope gradient,elevation,peak ground acceleration(PGA) and distance from drainage were analyzed.The distance from co-seismic fault was the most significant parameter followed by slope gradient and PGA was the least significant one.A logistic regression model combined with bivariate statistical analysis(BSA) was adopted for landslide susceptibility mapping.The study area was classified into five categories of landslide susceptibility:very low,low,medium,high and very high.92.0% of the study area belongs to low and very low categories with corresponding 9.0% of the total inventoried landslides.Medium susceptible zones make up 4.2% of the area with 17.7% of the total landslides.The rest of the area was classified into high and very high categories,which makes up 3.9% of the area with corresponding 73.3% of the total landslides.Although the susceptibility map can reveal the likelihood of future landslides and debris flows,and it is helpful for the rebuilding process and future zoning issues.  相似文献   

Distribution and dispersal pattern of clay minerals in surface sediments, eastern Beibu Gulf, South China Sea   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

LI Jun  GAO Jianhu  WANG Yaping  LI Yan  BAI Fenglong  CEES Laban 《海洋学报(英文版)》2012,31(2):78-87

Clay minerology of sediments are useful in determining distribution,sources and dispersal routes of fine-grained sediments.In the present paper,clay minerals of surface sediments throughout the eastern part of Beibu Gulf has been investigated to reveal sources and transport of detrital finegrained sediments.Four distinct clay mineral suites were observed from cluster analysis of clay mineral compositions of the samples.From the distribution pattern of clay minerals,we conclude that kaolinte in the eastern gulf is mainly derived from South China Landmass;Smectite could not be transported mainly by surface current from north-western Hainan Island,and maybe minor portion of it from Red River;Illite is mainly transported by the currents from South China Sea.Chlorite has two sources,namely South China Sea and South China Landmass.The Zhujiang River derived sediments could not be one of the sources for the clay mineral here,because of very different composition and ratios.The distribution pattern of clay minerals in the eastern Beibu Gulf is mainly controlled by fine-grained sediment source and local currents.The Silt/Clay,Smectite/Kaolinte,and Smetite/(Chlorite+Illite) ratios could be used as indicators of fine-grained sediment dispersal in the gulf.  相似文献   

阿巴拉契亚造山带(纽芬兰岛)阿克利巨型花岗岩基地球化学填图及其成矿制约     

王朝阳  王涛  林寿发  Cees van Staal 《地质学报》2022,96(2):517-532

阿巴拉契亚造山带加拿大纽芬兰岛东南部发育一晚泥盆纪阿克利巨型花岗岩基(～2500 km2).该岩基侵位于甘德和阿瓦隆地块的多佛-赫米蒂奇湾巨型断层带之间,内部发育钨-锡-钼矿床及相关的矿化.本文锆石年代学研究显示,岩基中Tolt单元侵位于378±2 Ma,各单元年龄基本一致,为同期岩浆多次侵位的产物.岩基中主要岩石类型...  相似文献   

Comparison of point forecast accuracy of model averaging methods in hydrologic applications   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Cees G. H. Diks  Jasper A. Vrugt 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2010,24(6):809-820

Multi-model averaging is currently receiving a surge of attention in the atmospheric, hydrologic, and statistical literature to explicitly handle conceptual model uncertainty in the analysis of environmental systems and derive predictive distributions of model output. Such density forecasts are necessary to help analyze which parts of the model are well resolved, and which parts are subject to considerable uncertainty. Yet, accurate point predictors are still desired in many practical applications. In this paper, we compare a suite of different model averaging techniques by their ability to improve forecast accuracy of environmental systems. We compare equal weights averaging (EWA), Bates-Granger model averaging (BGA), averaging using Akaike’s information criterion (AICA), and Bayes’ Information Criterion (BICA), Bayesian model averaging (BMA), Mallows model averaging (MMA), and Granger-Ramanathan averaging (GRA) for two different hydrologic systems involving water flow through a 1950 km² watershed and 5 m deep vadose zone. Averaging methods with weights restricted to the multi-dimensional simplex (positive weights summing up to one) are shown to have considerably larger forecast errors than approaches with unconstrained weights. Whereas various sophisticated model averaging approaches have recently emerged in the literature, our results convincingly demonstrate the advantages of GRA for hydrologic applications. This method achieves similar performance as MMA and BMA, but is much simpler to implement and use, and computationally much less demanding.  相似文献   

Comment on: “Identification of an underfilled foreland basin system in the Upper Devonian of the Central Pyrenees: implications for the Hercynian orogeny” by Souquet et al., International Journal of Earth Sciences 92:316–337 (2003)     

Jochen?E.?MezgerEmail author  Cees?W.?Passchier 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2004,93(3):467-470

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Anomalous circulation patterns associated with 2011 heavy rainfall over northern Tanzania     

Kebacho  Laban Lameck 《Natural Hazards》2021,109(3):2295-2312

Natural Hazards - The socio-economic impacts of floods calls for improved understanding of flood drivers. While the large-scale circulation anomalies associated with rainfall anomalies is a...  相似文献   

Factors controlling landslide frequency–area distributions     

Hakan Tanyaş  Cees J. van Westen  Kate E. Allstadt  Randall W. Jibson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(4):900-917

A power-law relation for the frequency–area distribution (FAD) of medium and large landslides (e.g. tens to millions of square meters) has been observed by numerous authors. But the FAD of small landslides diverges from the power-law distribution, with a rollover point below which frequencies decrease for smaller landslides. Some studies conclude that this divergence is an artifact of unmapped small landslides due to lack of spatial or temporal resolution; others posit that it is caused by the change in the underlying failure process. An explanation for this dilemma is essential both to evaluate the factors controlling FADs of landslides and power-law scaling, which is a crucial factor regarding both landscape evolution and landslide hazard assessment. This study examines the FADs of 45 earthquake-induced landslide inventories from around the world in the context of the proposed explanations. We show that each inventory probably involves some combination of the proposed explanations, though not all explanations contribute to each case. We propose an alternative explanation to understand the reason for the divergence from a power-law. We suggest that the geometry of a landslide at the time of mapping reflects not just one single movement but many, including the propagation of numerous smaller landslides before and after the main failure. Because only the resulting combination of these landslides can be observed due to a lack of temporal resolution, many smaller landslides are not taken into account in the inventory. This reveals that the divergence from the power-law is not necessarily attributed to the incompleteness of an inventory. This conceptual model will need to be validated by ongoing observation and analysis. Also, we show that because of the subjectivity of mapping procedures, the total number of landslides and total landslide areas in inventories differ significantly, and therefore the shapes of FADs also differ considerably. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献